New Grouped Harvesting-Based Population Structures of Cotton

The construction of rational population structures is an important cultivation basis to achieve high yield and quality of cotton. ‘Small-sized plant under high plant density’, ‘moderate-sized plant under moderate plant density’ and ‘large-sized plant under low plant density’ are three types of traditional cotton population structures in China, which have been widely used in China's major cotton planting regions of Northwest inland, Yellow River and Yangtze River valley, respectively, and have played key roles in achieving stable and high yields of cotton in the nation. However, in the new era of cotton industry development, there occur such disadvantages that the traditional population structures are not suitable for grouped harvesting as well as both fiber quality and production efficiency improvements. The exploration of new population structures has become an important approach in the new period of cotton cultivation. In this paper, we concisely reviewed the main features and the disadvantages of traditional population structures. Based on the needs of light and cost-saving cultivation as well as quality improving and efficiency increasing in the new era, it was suggested that constructing 3 new types of population structures adapted to grouped harvesting, ‘reduced plant density with healthy plants’, ‘increased plant density with robust plants’, and ‘direct seeding and close planting with short plants’ to substitute the three traditional structures. On this basis, the key indicators and regulation technologies of the 3 new population structures were mainly discussed, and the future development of the new population structures both in research and practice were also prospected.     

南繁区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的AFLP分析

【目的】为了明确南繁区稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)的遗传分化情况,【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术对南繁核心区(三亚、乐东和保亭)和非核心区(琼中、屯昌和定安)共60个稻瘟病菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了比较分析。【结果】聚类分析表明,几乎所有菌株都聚在同一个谱系里,并且该谱系没有明显的亚群;群体遗传结构分析表明,核心区群体的多态性位点百分率、Shannon信息指数和基因流分别为87.89%、0.2738和4.2897,高于非核心区群体的81.37%、0.2703和3.5892;然而,核心区群体的Nei基因多样性指数和基因分化系数分别为0.1657和0.1044,低于非核心区群体的0.1662和0.1223。【结论】这些结果表明核心区和非核心区菌株都存在丰富的遗传多样性,不同群体间均存在较多的基因交流,但遗传变异均主要来自群体内;相比之下,核心区菌株的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高。     

Exploring connectivity between spawning and nursery areas of Mullus barbatus (L., 1758) in the Mediterranean through a dispersal model

Connectivity between spawning and nursery areas plays a major role in determining the spatial structure of fish populations and the boundaries of stock units. Here, the potential effects of surface current on a red mullet population in the Central Mediterranean were simulated using a physical oceanographic model. Red mullet larvae were represented as Lagrangian drifters released in known spawning areas of the Strait of Sicily (SoS), which represents one of the most productive demersal fishing‐grounds of the Mediterranean. To consider the effect of inter‐annual variability of oceanographic patterns, numerical simulations were performed for the spawning seasons from 1999 to 2012. The main goal was to explore connectivity between population subunits, in terms of spawning and nursery areas, inhabiting the northern (Sicilian‐Maltese) and southern (African) continental shelves of the SoS. The numerical simulations revealed a certain degree of connectivity between the Sicilian–Maltese and the African sides of the SoS. Connectivity is present in both directions, but it is stronger from the Sicilian–Maltese spawning areas to the African nurseries owing to the marine circulation features of the region. However, because the majority of the larvae are transported to areas unsuitable for settlement or outside the SoS, the dispersal process is characterized by a strong loss of potential settlers born in the spawning areas. These results are in agreement with the low genetic heterogeneity reported for this species in the Mediterranean Sea and support the existence of a metapopulation structure of red mullet in the SoS and the adjacent areas.     

茶树GGPS基因家族的克隆、生物信息学和表达分析

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPS)是萜类合成途径的结构酶,对植物生长发育具有重要意义。本研究通过RACE和RT-PCR方法克隆得到5条潜在的茶树GGPS序列,分别命名为CsGGPS1-4和CsGGPS9,其中CsGGPS9存在3条等位基因,分别是CsGGPS9-1、CsGGPS9-2和CsGGPS9-3,在系统进化树上与其他基因分成两支。蛋白质序列分析表明,茶树GGPS家族成员都具有polyprenyl_synt结构域,不存在信号肽序列。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4定位在叶绿体上,CsGGPS3和CsGGPS9定位在线粒体上。通过Swiss Model进行三维建模,结合"three-floor"模型对茶树GGPS家族成员的功能进行预测,预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4是GGPS;CsGGPS3是异源二聚体形式的牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶的小亚基;CsGGPS9的催化主产物是碳链数大于30的异戊烯基焦磷酸。q RT-PCR分析表明,CsGGPS1整体表达丰度较低,仅在一芽二叶中表达量稍高;CsGGPS2在茶树各个组织中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,且花发育过程中表达量先上升后下降;CsGGPS3在叶和幼根中的表达量高于花,花发育过程中表达平稳;CsGGPS4在茶树各个组织中表达量数值相近,在花发育过程中表达量变化趋势与CsGGPS2相同;CsGGPS9的表达量在成熟叶中显著低于幼嫩叶片。     

天山云杉林冠层结构对草本物种多样性的影响

为研究天山云杉林冠层特征与林下草本物种多样性的相互关系，以新疆天格尔森林公园天山云杉林的4个龄级的林分（幼林龄、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林）为研究对象，以冠层分析仪获得的冠层结构特征和林下光环境指数等野外实际调查数据为依据，通过计算 α 多样性指数分析4个龄级的草本物种多样性，利用多元统计方法研究冠层结构对草本多样性的影响。结果表明，各个指标在不同龄级间均有一定的差异，且随着林分的生长和更新，天山云杉林呈现林冠开度逐渐减小、叶面积指数增大、林下光辐射均减弱、物种多样性指数均减小的趋势；典型模型表明林冠开度对冠层结构起到主要作用（呈极显著正相关P<0.01），叶面积指数次之（呈极显著负相关P<0.01）；在林下辐射中，林下总辐射对林内光环境起主要作用；相比冠层结构，林下光照对草本层物种多样性的作用更大，其中林冠开度和丰富度指数之间呈显著正相关，林下总辐射、林下直射辐射和多样性指数、均匀度指数之间均呈显著正相关。     

气候变化对中国水稻生产的影响研究进展

水稻生产系统是响应气候变化最敏感的农业生态系统之一,本文综述了当前和未来气候变化对我国水稻生产的影响。气候变化背景下,我国水稻生长季的热量资源增多,辐射资源减少,降水不均一性加大。高温热害、干旱、暴雨和洪涝灾害发生更频繁,这可能降低水、热资源的有效性。气候变化使我国单季稻和双季稻潜在种植边界显著北移,导致单季稻、早稻和晚稻的主要生育期缩短。基于统计模型和水稻生长模型的研究结果表明,如果不考虑品种改良和栽培技术的进步,气候变化使单季稻、早稻和晚稻产量下降,但不同稻作区和方法间存在差异。我国水稻生产重心北移、实测生育期延长和产量增加的变化趋势,反映了水稻生产系统通过种植分布调整、品种改良和技术改进来适应气候变化的能力。未来气候变化将进一步导致水稻生育期缩短和产量下降,对我国水稻生产和粮食安全带来严峻挑战。仍需加强气候变化影响机制的研究及其在影响评估中的应用,减小影响评估的不确定性并增加其系统性,为制定有效的应对策略提供可靠的理论支持。     

基于Google Earth Engine平台的关中冬小麦面积时空变化监测

以关中地区为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,根据冬小麦生育期内归一化植被指数(NDVI)时序曲线和物候特征,采用NDVI重构增幅算法和光谱突变斜率,构建了关中地区冬小麦提取模型并实现了冬小麦种植面积的提取。用农业统计面积验证提取结果表明:在市级和县级尺度上,决定系数R~2分别为0.82和0.62,一致性指标d分别为0.95和0.84,提取结果与实地调查数据的空间一致性精度为93.4%。结果显示:关中地区冬小麦主要分布在中部关中平原,冬小麦种植面积在2011—2017年呈下降趋势,减少了83.22×10~3 hm~2(8.47%)。综合考虑冬小麦NDVI时序曲线的"峰""谷"特征,具有一定的普适性,可为大面积连续年份冬小麦种植面积时空监测提供参考。     

呋喃磺草酮原药中主要杂质的结构鉴定及其合成

针对HPPD除草剂呋喃磺草酮原药生产中产生的3个质量分数均大于0.1%的主要杂质,通过高效液相色谱、核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱对3个杂质的结构进行了结构鉴定,发现其中2个为未见文献报道的化合物。结合生产工艺对杂质产生的路径进行了分析,并成功进行了合成。该研究对呋喃草酮原药质量控制和安全产生具有重要意义。